The persistence of learning over time most clearly depends on:

The persistence of learning over time is fundamentally tied to memory. Memory refers to the processes involved in acquiring, storing, and later retrieving information. When we learn something, it is encoded in our memory systems, and its persistence reflects our ability to keep that information accessible for future use.

This concept encompasses various types of memory, such as short-term and long-term memory, and involves different systems in the brain responsible for storing experiences over time. Memory is influenced by factors such as rehearsal, meaningfulness, and emotional significance, all of which play a role in how long we retain information.

While the serial position effect deals with the recall of items in a list and proactive interference involves how existing memories can disrupt the formation of new ones, these are more specific phenomena that can affect memory but do not encompass the broader concept of memory itself. Visual encoding relates specifically to the method of encoding visual information and is just one aspect of how we process memories. Therefore, the most encompassing answer regarding the persistence of learning over time is memory as it directly involves all mechanisms of retention and recall.