What characterizes pre-conventional morality in Kohlberg's theory?

Pre-conventional morality, as outlined in Kohlberg's theory of moral development, is characterized by a focus on personal gain and self-interest. In this stage, individuals make moral decisions based primarily on the potential consequences for themselves. They tend to judge actions as right or wrong based on whether they lead to rewards or avoid punishments. This reflects a self-centered perspective where the importance of external social norms or broader ethical principles is minimal.

The emphasis on personal gain is distinct from other stages of moral development. Adherence to social norms is more aligned with conventional morality, where individuals consider societal rules and expectations in their moral reasoning. Commitment to universal ethical principles and understanding of complex social contracts pertains to later stages of moral development, where individuals recognize the importance of broader societal implications and ethical considerations that transcend their immediate self-interests. Thus, B illustrates the fundamental understanding of pre-conventional morality in Kohlberg's framework.